Intelligence
Analysis on EU regulatory compliance in e-commerce M&A: GPSR, EPR, DSA, and Omnibus Directive.
GP3 Framework
What is Gross Profit 3 (GP3)? The full walk from Net Revenue to EBITDA, GP1, GP2, and GP3, broken into every cost line that makes up each layer. A visual reference and complete glossary.
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Standard P&Ls hide where e-commerce margin actually breaks. The Tronvik GP3 Waterfall isolates GP1, GP2, and GP3, and their GM1–GM3 margins, to expose what due diligence usually finds too late.
Read →DPP
What is a Digital Product Passport (DPP)? It extends GPSR's manufacturer-attribution logic into supply-chain data most white-label operators never captured. For portfolios built on China OEM sourcing, the gap isn't always fixable with money, and it hits GP1 and fixed costs differently than GPSR did.
Read →GPSR
What is GPSR? The EU General Product Safety Regulation creates hidden COGS liabilities invisible to standard financial due diligence. Here is what to check before opening the data room.
Read →EPR
What is EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility)? It isn't a single compliance line item. It's a separate national registration and fee obligation for every EU market a target sells into, which means the more impressive a target's cross-border growth story, the larger its probable EPR gap is likely to be.
Read →CRD
When return shipping costs more than the item is worth, customers don't return it: they throw it away or keep it. The resulting low return rate reads as product quality in a QoE model. Often it's a fee schedule built around the Consumer Rights Directive's return-cost rules, and the margin it protects doesn't survive normalization post-close.
Read →UCPD
A missing phone number and a chatbot that never routes to a human don't just suppress support cost-per-order. EU case law requires a trader's contact channels to deliver quick, effective communication, and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive treats disproportionate barriers to exercising a contract right as an aggressive practice. What reads as GP2 efficiency in a QoE model may be a liability the acquirer inherits.
Read →GP3 Framework
When a D2C brand also sells through retailers, both sides end up competing for the same branded search, in text ads, and even more so in Shopping. Unless GM3 is measured by channel and search intent, that conflict is invisible, and it is funding the target's own competition.
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